Role of Manager in Decision Making-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Role of Manager in Decision Making. Answer: Presentation Dynamic procedure is the crucial procedure of the chief in each association. I am working with enormous Australian Pharmaceutical Corporation. My group built up another immunization and I trust it can treat an infection quickly spreading in West Africa. I will contend for the postulation explanation, Decision making process for imparting the trial immunization to the wellbeing laborer in West Africa.As a director of the Australian Pharmaceutical Corporation, I accept that exploratory antibody ought to be sent to West African association for the government assistance of individuals. The article will cover the dynamic procedure with eight stages with the assistance of it I can break down the choice with regards to supporting individuals of South Africa. The significant job of director is in dynamic procedure and he is subject to take choice in viable way. The eight stages of dynamic advancement is referenced beneath which will be useful to take the choice for sharing the immunization. The initial step of dynamic procedure is acknowledgment of the difficult which clarifies the issues inside the association. It is considered as the most imperative advance of the dynamic procedure since it encourages director to perceive the issues inside an association in modern way (Hecker, 2010). For the situation study, the fundamental worry of the administration is to take the choice whether to gracefully the antibody to West Africa association or not. It has been examined that wellbeing laborer of West Africa requests for trial antibody for those individuals who are tainted from infection. I have proceeded with whole situation and examined that immunization has probed the group of Chimpanzee which gave positive outcome. It has assessed that the w orking body of the chimpanzee and the individual are comparable (Husted Allen, 2008). So in the underlying procedure of dynamic, the issue was evident that whether to give immunization to West Africa association or not. The second step of the dynamic procedure is to break down the issue in complex way with the goal that the orderly examination should be possible in an effective way. It covers chiefly three standards, for example, the significance of the choice, the impact of choice on different capacities and the zone of the business (Nguyen and Profit, 2016). For the situation study, it has beenevaluated that the worry is that the utilization of immunization is appropriate or not (Lpez-Ruiz, Bergillos Ortega-Snchez, 2016). By investigating the issues, it has been suggested that the association of West Africa will inspect the aftereffect of immunization by testing and after that it will move further and give the office to individuals in more extensive way. The third idea or venture of the dynamic procedure is creating elective arrangements. It characterizes that the administrator needs to audit pertinent idea the moral thought which will characterize the prerequisite (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013 The progression of investigating the issues will characterize the objectives and goals of the organization which would be useful for the representative of the organization to follow the rules in legitimate way. This progression includes rules or guidance based on which the supervisor can look at the taken choice. Rules will be useful for making a decision about the outcome looked for by the administration. It is significant for the Australian pharmaceutical to talk with the wellbeing laborers of the Australia. They can take the consent from the higher specialists and work under their perception (Tenbrunsel Smith?Crowe, 2008). It will be acceptable choice for the Australian Pharmaceutical since they will give authorization i n the wake of investigating effectively. So if any issue emerges the more significant position authority will be useful to give direction for development. Summing up, this progression is altogether trailed by the administrator in a satisfactory way. Figure 1: Decision making process Source: (Othman, 2011). The fourth step of the dynamic procedure is with respect to the initial step of procedure that is choosing the better choice of choices to take choice. It is useful to determine the issues by giving option in the arrangement. It includes higher hazard in this procedure; it is worth for the Australian Pharmaceutical. The chief of the association is totally at risk to take the choice with respect to elective choices. I might want to prescribe to the association to keep reinforcement plan or medication if the gave antibody to West Africa doesn't function admirably. It would be the elective activity of response which lessens the danger of the association. Alongside that it is the obligation of the administration to assess the aftereffects of immunization. It is required for the supervisor of the association to take choice in the wake of assessing the advantages and disadvantages of the elective choice (Elwyn, et.al., 2014). In short this progression is encouraged to the administration of the association to have the elective choices if the immunization assessment on the human gets fizzled. In the following stage of dynamic which incorporate the advancement of the assessment measures dependent on goals of the association. It is considered as the fifth step of the association. It has been dissected that the business can advance continually on the off chance that it satisfies the prerequisite of legitimate and moral commitment of the organization (Phillips, Fletcher, Marks and Hine, 2016). These commitments can be satisfied in precise way if the administrator of the association can examine the working style of the lower the board and can have capacity to make change in their work style according to the necessity; it would be useful for the association to take choice in distinct manner (Kaner, 2014). It has been dissected through contextual investigation that the fundamental concern is to sent antibody West Africa for relieving the people who are contaminated by infection or not. In this procedure administrator need to actualize the choice and for executing the chief need to meet with wellbeing laborers and dissect the condition as geological, segment and affected individuals by infection in West Africa. After that solitary best and necessity decision ought to be picked. As the administrator of the organization, it is my duty to assess the whole angles with respect to antibody so nobody get affected antagonistically because of terrible effects of it and potential moves could be made if there should arise an occurrence of prerequisite in future. It is the following stage of the dynamic procedure which includes the choice of picking best elective alternatives for actualizing the choice in the association. While considering the every single elective alternative it is required for the supervisor to settle on best one and assess what one would be compelling and keeping higher level of progression. As it is referenced in before step that the choice will be affected by the objectives and targets of the organization and the administration will have a reinforcement plan for antibody with respect to disappointment test on the human of immunization (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). The blend of the elective arrangement can be seen in the dynamic procedure by the administrator. Along these lines, according to contextual investigation the supervisor ought to assess all alternatives in the moral perspective and inspect the real factors in regards to the antibodies which areappealing to purchase the immunization and afterward take the suitable c hoice to offer the antibody to them or not.From the above conversation, it would be unproblematic for the director to think about the outcome that the antibodies ought to be sent for contaminated individuals by infection in West Africa or not. The seven stage of moral dynamic procedure in the association includes the system of actualizing the picked choice in the association. For example, if the choice of the board is chosen to don't send antibody in West Africa would be the best alternative for the organization and the individuals of West Africa then they not offer it to them. However, on the off chance that they consider the result of the immunization in constructive term than it very well may be sent toward the West Africa for relieving the tainted people from infection. So whatever the choice of the organization yet it ought to be helped in out of individuals and under this procedure the administration of the organization should start the arrangement (Govindan, Rajendran, Sarkis and Murugesan, 2015). Being the supervisor I accept that sending the immunization to the individuals of West Africa in the wake of having reinforcement plan can be the acceptable choice however it ought to be done under perception of the wellbe ing specialist relationship of Australia and ought to be tried on human with under reconnaissance of the clinical social insurance group. The last advance of the dynamic procedure is including the procedure of approval of arrangement against the announcement of issue. It is the progression which says that the administration of the association ought to assess the taken choice and contrast it and other elective alternatives. It is required for the administration of the organization to assess the potential results of the executed arrangement and potential activities shouldbe prepared all together on crisis footing so that in the event of prerequisite the potential moves can be made in sufficient way (Pettigrew, 2014). In the wake of observing, it has been come about that the antibody can be sent toward the West Africa since it has been tried in Australia without a moment's delay, also there is a proportion of individuals winning in Africa who are tainted with infection. Finally, there is no other option barring this antibody which can use to fix the infection. In this way, the supervisor will offer the immunization toward the West African affiliation. End It has been reasoned that the administration of the association should take proper choice for sending test immunization for forestalling infection to the individuals of West Africa. The moral dynamic procedure has been chosen for taking choice by supervisor in a precise manner and venture to step. There is a great deal of significance of dynamic procedure in the administration, for example, confronting issues and difficulties, business development, achieving targets and improve productivity Reference

The United Nations And Human Rights Essay Example for Free

The United Nations And Human Rights Essay The advancements that promptly went before the Second World War in field of state-relations irreversibly changed the scene of the universal communities.â The greatest turn of events, if not the most huge, was the foundation of the United Nations.â This transition to hypothetically join a war-assaulted world was yearning and inclined to numerous entanglements.  â â â â â â â â â â Among the quick advancements that were introduced by the production of this supranational foundation was the Human Rights Machinery. This critical advancement cameâ â€Å"[a]fter hundreds of years of deficient, piecemeal endeavors to shield residents from maltreatment by their own legislatures, in 1946 the worldwide network established a worldwide human rights organization.  The United Nations Commission on Human Rights turned into the main global body enabled to advance all the human privileges of all the world’s people groups. The originators expected that improved regard for human rights would support people and would likewise serve the United Nations’ essential peacekeeping lady by taking out abusive practices which incited war.†[1] The significance and authenticity of the regard for Human Rights and the universal advancement of it among the various countries of the world was further â€Å"highlighted in Chapter IX of the Charter managing worldwide monetary and social participation as far as a vow or duty of all Member states.†[2]  â â â â â â â â â â Like with numerous different issues in the political field, there is a wide faction between the word and the demonstration. â€Å"The commitments of the UN must nor be downplayed nor overstated.â The UN has been a scholarly pioneer in the issues of monetary and social turn of events, significantly more than is regularly recognized.â simultaneously, there have frequently been oversights and bends in its work.†[3] While the goals declared by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, through the various Conventions and writings are many, there is a vocal number of individuals that accept that the United Nations, along with the referenced Commission is all talk. In this, there is a â€Å"[s]trong tendency†¦to put fault for this unacceptable situation on the United Nations and the facts demonstrate that the Organization is in numerous regards incompetent and ineffectual in changing over the hypothesis of its own words into genuine practice.â However, those circles who for valid justifications scrutinize the United Nations would be very much encouraged to do some more soul-looking with respect to their own immediate or backhanded portion of complicity in realizing and keeping up structures of injustice.†[4]  â â â â â â â â â â The human rights hardware alludes to the various organs and strategies managing human rights in the United Nations framework which incorporates: Intergovernmental organs set up based on the Charter of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Commission on Human Rights. The commission on the Status of Women and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice additionally address human rights issues inside their separate commands; Bodies set up by human rights arrangements; Announcing, correspondences, and exploring methods built up by approach making organs and bargain based bodies; the pieces of the United Nations Secretariat liable for human rights exercises, particularly the United Nation High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Division for the Advancement of Women and the middle for International Crime Prevention have likewise human rights responsibilities.â The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Decision for the Advancement of Women receive joint work plans.[5]   â€Å"The Charter of the United Nations, as for Human Rights overcame any barrier between human appropriately settled a nearby connection between human rights and other overall concerns, viz. the upkeep of harmony and the advancement of monetary and social development.â (†¦) The United Nations assumed a powerful job in unequivocally supporting the journey for autonomy of frontier nations and people groups was instrumental in ending pioneer mastery and fighting racial discrimination.â In no other territory did the United National broadcast and guard human rights standards with such a great amount of force as in the fields of decolonization and racial discrimination.†[6]  â â â â â â â â â â There is supposed to be three phases of contrastingly engaged exercises that catch the pith of the Commission’s work in the space of Human Rights: (1) Standard-Setting (2) Promotion (3) Protection.â These three phases are fundamental in examining the work, regardless of whether in a positive or negative light, of the Commission.  â â â â â â â â â â The Standard-setting stage began the commencement of the body of the United Nations itself and kept going 10 years after (1945-1955).â The most huge yield of this stage, and maybe one of the most noteworthy in mankind's history, was the explanation of the International Bill of Rights; and for this one must offer credit to the Commission who was endowed with this tremendous task.â During the principal decade, the Commission â€Å"spent a large portion of its time on the elaboration of the draft universal agreements and finished up its drafting work regarding those instruments in the mid-fifties.†[7]  â â â â â â â â â â â€Å"Despite selection of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, worry with and advancement of human rights as such frequently had little impact in the UN’s early work on monetary and social development.â The satisfaction of numerous financial and social rights was surely understood in UN concerns and activities for monetary and social development, however references to rights in this work were rare.  Moreover, political and common and social rights for the most part got overlooked or disregarded in monetary composition on improvement and were dealt with additional as an issue of political and ideological discussion in the U.N. Indeed, being developed conversations, the conviction became mainstream that dictator systems had some favorable position and even some avocation due to their capacity to take the intense choices requiredfor model, to raise the pace of investment funds in poor countries.â It was contended that increasingly majority rule pioneers would think that its hard to take these hard decisions.†[8]  â â â â â â â â â â Although the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was and is viewed as a colossal accomplishment for the global network, the acknowledgment was not as prepared, much like all the new thoughts that come into the field, similar to sexual orientation mainstreaming. At the point when a famous help for the thoughts exemplified in the Declaration didn't show up on the skylines, the United Nations started a broad limited time battle, the subsequent stage (19955-1965). â€Å"It was accepted that reviews, guidance and measures in the field of instruction and data would over the long haul give an increasingly productive premise to upgrading the reason for human rights that the bargain making process which was embraced with the elaboration of the International Covenants.†[9]   â â â â â â â â However, this specific stage didn't get resonating achievement either.â The premium that was started was not proportionate to the assets of time, vitality and cash consumed to embrace the limited time exercises. â€Å"[T]hey neglected to get a handle on the intrigue and the creative mind of the United Nations participation and of the general population at large.â Moreover, they were excessively far expelled from the principle political flows in the World Organization.â The human rights program was working in separation and it appeared to do not have the political importance and so far as that is concerned the driving force which is required for dynamic evolution.†[10]  â â â â â â â â â â Apparently, the way that â€Å"[i]t is one thing to draw up worldwide norms, it is very something else to have those guidelines implemented†[11] started to agonizingly day break on the Commission.â It must be stated, in any case, that this unexpected absence of help was completely because of the ineptitude of the United Nations when all is said in done and the Commission, in particular.â External components of the present occasions must be thought about also. Regardless of the finish of the war, there was as yet predominant â€Å"[d]istrust and strains among countries and people groups, outrageous differences in financial and social conditions between and inside countries, strict and ideological hostility, diligent examples of racial separation and class mastery and various different elements, including self-centeredness of individual individuals, influence the acknowledgment of human rights with the different societies.â It ought to likewise be considered that any methodology from the perspective of infringement of human rights is, with regards to between State participation, a generally problematic and fragile endeavor since it centers for the most part around shortcomings and failures.†[12]  â â â â â â â â â â It is evident, taking a gander at the United Nations history, that the apparatus met incredible challenges in the human rights beliefs over the world and to viably incorporate it into existing government practices.â Due to the couple of triumphs of the initial two phases, the phase of insurance began with a rough ride and is dependent upon much analysis, which will examined in the later sections.  â â â â â â â â â â Despite the insecure two decades, it is obvious thatâ â€Å"the Commission has added to the deficient yet by the by steady development

500 Days of Summer

500 Days of Summer [a brief hiatus from the baby bloggers intro posts dont worry, there are more to come!] The title of this post is obviously a lie. There aren’t 500 days of summer, but I was too lazy to count how many there actually are. Also, summer is sort of nebulously defined for me as an MIT student, because I’m not really sure where it started and where it ends. Did it start on the last day of finals and does it end on the first day of REX/Rush? The last day of REX/Rush? Reg day? I have no idea. But I do really like the movie 500 Days of Summer, so bear with me here. This summer has been really fun. I really wanted to stay in Cambridge this year and was initially super excited because a lot of my friends were living with me in East Campus over the summer as well. But the first two weeks of work dampened my spirits a bit; working 9-5 takes out a big chunk of your day and really tires you out. After a while, I started getting used to it, and utilized the remaining 8 hours of my day in the best ways I could! I also put a decent amount of time aside for having a lot of fun here’s a large subset of all the good memories I have from this summer, not necessarily in chronological order. July 24th: Shakespeare in the Park  Every summer, the Commonwealth Shakespeare Company puts on performances of Shakespeare plays in the Boston Common that you can watch for free! This summer, the play of choice was Richard III, and it was absolutely amazing. The actors were phenomenal, and it set the bar high for all the Shakespeare plays I’ll watch in the future. June 15th: Skywalk (top of the Prudential) I went on a nice date here :) but I’d recommend it to anybody who wants a nice view of Boston, and I’d also recommend going right about the sun is about to set. Youll get some really lovely views which my phone camera could not do justice. Go check it out for yourself! My phone did its best :P July 3rd, late night: Crane Beach!  This was probably the most fun thing I’ve done all summer and I wish I had more good pictures of it, but a. It was really dark and b. Reasons. Anyways, I highly recommend Crane Beach to anybody who hasn’t been the stars are beautiful at night and there are also bioluminescent plankton! I also brought my guitar along and we all had a campfire sing-a-long under the stars. This is one of those things that I’m pretty sure I’ll remember for the rest of my life sitting on the beach at 3 am, surrounded by friends, singing loudly for the night sky to hear. The sun peaking its head up on the horizon around 4 am May 29th June 2nd: Maine! I took a nice trip to Maine with Somebody Really Cool :) A nice spot on the Kancamagus Highway its a scenic drive up in northern New Hampshire and perfect for a day trip from Boston! July 4th: Green Building fireworks: One of my hallmates is an officer for the MIT Radio Society, and a lot of their equipment is located at the top of the Green Building, so he has access to the roof, which is an uncommon and coveted privilege. The Green Building roof also provides a spectacular view of the Boston fireworks show on Independence Day every year. He very kindly offered to take myself and some other friends up to the roof for fireworks, and these pictures should speak for themselves. Fireworks with the Boston skyline in the background! Take a look at that VIEW Construction, Rush, and REX: This went by in a whirlwind, but what I took away from it was a noticeably heightened knowledge of power tools and construction. I’m not handy in the slightest, but at least now, I can use a screwdriver without stripping the screw and use a chopsaw without being terrified. If you were wondering: yes, that is a whole ass bridge and that is a whole ass 3-story fort that I helped out with!! June 9th: Boston Pride This was my first pride parade! I went in not really sure what to expect, but what I got was a wonderful celebration of LGBTQ people and culture, and I’m really glad that I went. So many rainbows! July 28th July 29th: Camden Hills State Park My friend and I basically decided to go on a camping trip at the beginning of the week and spent the entire week bugging other people to go with us. We were successful and had a lovely time at Camden Hills, which has some pretty nice hikes and great views.   An artsy picture of us staring into the fog that swamped us at the overlook August 11th: Six Flags! The MIT Graduate Student Council has an event where they make Six Flags tickets half off for a day pass. I somehow got wind of this and went with my friend from work, and wound up being the only undergraduate on the trip. It was rainy enough on that day that a lot of people cancelled their plans for that day, so we got into all the rides we wanted to with very little wait. Trivia, literally so many times: The Friendly Toast, a restaurant 10 minutes away from East Campus, has a trivia night every Tuesday that I obsessively frequent. I think I went five or six times this summer, with different groups of people each time. We never managed to make it past fourth place in all those times, but hopefully the school year will sharpen our brainsor something. Members of my a cappella group and my best friend from high school turning up to trivia Im finishing up this post on the first day of the first full week of classes, and looking back on all the things I did this summer, I can very confidently say that I had a lot of fun. I do have a few regrets I could have worked out more, finished some more Unity projects, and read more of Artins  Algebra   but overall, I had a great time. Its a little weird that Im already thinking about next summer and the jobs that I need to apply to nine months in advance. Should I do a MISTI summer (unpaid) internship or apply to jobs that will give me money? Which of the companies on the career fair list are net-good or net-neutral and do things that interest me? What do I want to do in the ~future~, which is slowly but steadily creeping towards my present? I currently have answers to a round zero of these questions. I imagine that I will soon, and Im looking forward to that time. But I suppose that the best I can do now is hope that all the summers I spend as an MIT student will be just as good, if not better, than this summer was. Post Tagged #boston life #day in life #East Campus

The Rate And Effects Of Domestic Violence - 950 Words

Domestic violence is happening everywhere and among intimate couples of all different locations, races, sexualities, and gender. There have been many studies that examine the rate and effects of domestic violence. It has been reported that 1 out of 3 women (40%) were beaten by their husbands in Middle Eastern countries. In Jordan there was a study done that found that nearly 1 out of 3 women were subjected to domestic violence during their marital life, but these rates lowered during pregnancies. In Iran 15% of women reported being physically abused by their husbands at least once in 2005. Out of the women who were abused in Iran, 17.3% of them reported abuse by burning or use of weapon against them. In Latin America 8%-32% of women said they could justify wife beating (Al-Nsour, Khawaja, Al-Kayyali, 2009). There are women and men being beaten all over the world everyday and some of them believe that it is the way it is supposed to be. In India, about 45% of people who are in relati onships experience domestic violence from their partners. According to Gargi (2009), â€Å"Every six hours, a young married woman is burnt alive, beaten to death or forces to commit suicide in India.† (p. 103). There was a global survey done that showed 10-69% of women reported being physically assaulted by a partner at some point during their relationships. Intimate partner homicide accounts for 33.5% of murders in women and less than 4% in men. Along with partner violence, which accounts forShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence1670 Words   |  7 PagesCluster November 2, 2010 Domestic Violence While unemployment rates are increasing, the rise of domestic violence and stress continue to emerge. Due to the economic downturn, domestic violence precedes increasing crime rates. So far evidence and scientific research concludes economic problems manifest domestic violence. Apparently despair and desperation coincides with the ailing economy, and the recession is partially to blame. The correlation between domestic violence and economic stress resultsRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1448 Words   |  6 PagesHow does domestic violence between parents and parental figures affect the children who witness it? This is a question often asked by Sociologists and Psychologists alike. There have been studies that prove that children who witness domestic inter-parental violence experience mental health problems, issues with gender roles, substance abuse, the committing of crimes and suicide/suicide attempts later in their lives. This paper will explo re all five of these effects of domestic violence on childrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On The United States930 Words   |  4 Pagesstates, such as Kentucky, experiences higher rates of wife abuse than others. As I attempt to uncover an explanation for the high rates of wife abuse in Kentucky, I will discuss wife, or spousal, abuse in Kentucky and across the United States, the various programs offered to battered women in Kentucky, and how cell phones have both positive and negative effects for the victims of abuse. Although Domestic Violence is a well-known phenomenon, â€Å"Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior used to establishRead MoreCause an Effect of Domestic Violence Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesCause and Effect of Domestic Violence 1 Each year in the United States, an estimated two-to-four million women experience serious abuse from a male partner and thousands are killed. As many as one-in-three adult women is abused by an intimate during her lifetime. While only 5% of all annual violence against men is by a partner, 28% of all annual violence to women is by an intimate and 70% of intimate murder victims are women. Domestic violence is one of the major causes for emergency roomRead MoreDomestic Bias Of Domestic Violence1659 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic Bias in Violence Unprovoked battering. Over the years the term domestic violence has been given mass popularity in society. This is due to the many highly publicized events ranging from the Ray Rice’s abuse charges all the way to the murder trial of O.J. Simpson. The term domestic violence has emerged from a vow of silence in households to a prevalent discussion that has flourished throughout society. Or has it? Yes, domestic violence has been recognized as an issue in society. This hasRead MoreThe Effects of Domestic Violence1831 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence What effects does domestic violence have on the victim and their families? Domestic violence has a tremendous effect on people lives. It is a terrible crime and is happening each day. It is said that every 9 seconds a women is assaulted or beaten. Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury in women. This crime is very common and happens to people that you may even know. â€Å"Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive and threatening behaviors that may include physical, emotionalRead MoreDomestic Violence And Substance Abuse Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence and Substance Abuse I decided to pick this topic because I was a victim of domestic violence, likely due to substance abuse at one point in time. Every single day was miserable and I had nowhere to go. I didn’t even know that he was using drugs. He was a few years older than me and I was naà ¯ve about what was happening. After several months, I was finally able to have my mom help me move back to Arizona. I have moved on from that chapter in my life, but I have always been curiousRead MoreThe Dangers Of Domestic Violence Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Domestic Violence Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the dangers of domestic violence and where to get help. Thesis Statement: Domestic violence is a crime that exist in all cultures, races, educational backgrounds and economic levels. Introduction Domestic violence is not just hitting or an occasional argument. It’s a mental abuse of power. The abuser tortures and control the victim by threats, intimidation, and physical violence. Around the world at least oneRead MoreCulture affects Domestic Violence Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence is the act of violence or abuse against a person living in one’s household, especially a member of one’s immediate family (Dictionary.com). I believe that domestic violence is affected by culture. In many communities, domestic violence is not a big topic, but to many women in different cultures; it is an event many women deal with everyday. Domestic violence is more common in other cultures and culture can affect women’s rights. Throughout many cultures around the world, domesticRead MoreIntroduction. This Paper Describes The Headline Findings1409 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION This paper describes the headline findings from Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) on the extent of, and trends in, domestic abuse among the black women in the United Kingdom aged 18 to 45, who are the resident in households of England and Wales. Domestic abuse includes a number of various forms of physical as well as non-physical abuse consisting of partner and family abuse, sexual assault and stalking. The abuse can be either of the victim-offender relationship or of the abuse

Comparison and Contrast - 943 Words

Having a reliable source of transportation is convenient when handling everyday errands. Owning a gas operated transportation can benefit a parent, student or business person in prioritizing there lifestyle. However, the economy is on the rise demanding more money in fuel and oil cost. The price of gas could overwhelm any individual in today’s economy. Gas powered cars like Cadillac’s, Lincoln’s, and Buick’s could break your pockets. Fuel efficient vehicles such as the Prius, Honda insight and Chevy volt could benefit your budget as well as providing a safe environment. Fuel efficient vehicles are quit expensive to purchase and repair. They are known to last a number of years without maintenance just as a hybrid vehicle. If a vehicle†¦show more content†¦The difficulties of owning a gas operated vehicles are depletion of natural resources, global warming and severe health hazards. A increase of heat related illnesses, or pollution in high climate areas may increase breathing problems. Global warming may also affect our agriculture causing farmers to grow crops in difficult temperature climates. This will also increase the cost of produce or groceries. The severity of these fuels and gasses is to a great extent causing a decrease the lifespan of all living things on earth. For every one gallon of gasoline 15 lbs. of carbon dioxide is expelled in our atmosphere. In spite of this it will take billions of years to replenish and compensate the resources that were neglected. The invention of the automobile was a great milestone in history. Without it many places or things would have never been discovered. Many people would’ve lost their life waiting for medical attention to arrive. It would’ve taken days or weeks to transport goods or medication throughout the United States. Now that we have the technology and research, we must take advantage, and suggest more methods in providing a better life for our future and are wildlife. Hybrid vehicles still have glitches as well as gas operated vehicles but it benefits savings in fuel and our environment will take time for science to make it more users friendly and less hazardous. My personal opinion is I rather not be selfish about the future of my family’s being nor theShow MoreRelatedComparison and Contrast1409 Words   |  6 PagesBahman Amani Prepared by: Akbar Akbari Place: IAU Maraghe Date: May 6th 2010 ⠝â€" Definition: To compare is to show how items are alike. To contrast is to show how items are different. Thus comparison and contrast involve pointing out the similarities or differences between two (or more) items. In deciding what to compare or contrast, you will want to make sure that the items share points in common. Thus, the items compared are usually the same kind or class of thing, and in comparingRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARISON AND CONTRAST ESSAY Comparison and Contrast Essay Definition: In this kind of essay, the aim is to show the similarities and differences of two items, two people, two countries, or how something or someone has changed. When comparing two things, we focus more on the similarities though we may mention the differences shortly. When contrasting two things, we point out the differences between them. The most important point to consider while planning a comparison and contrast essay is choosingRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Children under 5 vs. Dogs as Pets There are many couples that choose to own dogs as pets in lieu of having children. Dogs fill a void in the hearts of many as a small child may. A dog has a lot in common with a small child, except a baby turns into an adult and most of the responsibilities of taking care of a child go out the door with the offspring. Having a dog is like having an infant for 12 to 15 years. A dog and a baby both drool uncontrollably and constantlyRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay7914 Words   |  32 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Prepared for the Communication Competencies Center University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Title V Project Anà ­bal Muà ±oz Claudio May 2005 Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i General Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii Specific Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii How can you use this module? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 Part I. General Knowledge of Essay Structures and Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Part II. Writing a Comparison and ContrastRead MoreCOMPARISON AND CONTRAST THE THREE2573 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿COMPARISON AND CONTRAST THE THREE MAIN CORE COUNSELLING THEORIES There are three main theories of counselling: Person Centred Counselling, C. Rogers, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, A Beck and Psychodynamic, S. Freud. These theories work well on their own but there are commonalities and differences between them. This essay will compare and contrast the three theories There is concept of the person within the three schools. Rogers’ hypothesis was that everybody has the resource within themRead MoreComparison Contrast Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesIn society it seems that everywhere we look we are surrounded by advertisements whether it is television commercials, billboards or advertisements. Obviously, the main purpose of advertisements is to get the consumer to purchase the product. Print advertisements are an extremely effective way to reach a mass audience because the advertisements are in print, the use of color, text and photography are all key factors in luring the consumers in to buying their product. Advertisements cannot simplyRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay745 Words   |  3 Pagesand â€Å"The Third Wish† by Joan Aiken both illustrate this theme. They demonstrate this by granting the main character three wishes, but with each wish that is granted, brings undesirable consequences. The main idea of this essay i s to compare and contrast â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† and â€Å"The Third Wish.† Although the â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† and â€Å"The Third Wish† are both fantasies and have similar themes, they have different main characters, wishes, and resolutions. â€Å"A good story, whether it is true, made-upRead MoreEssay about Comparison Contrast1033 Words   |  5 Pagestopics, in that they are two stories of cultures, but written from different perspectives of their cultures. Momaday is from the Kiowas tribe of the plains of Oklahoma, and Mason from a farm in Mayfield, Kentucky. Both exhibit some comparisons, but mostly contrasts throughout their writing. Momaday’s American Indian heritage dates back to the 1880’s when his grandmother was born, where Mason’s dairy farm heritage takes place starting when she was born in 1940. I found both to be stories ofRead MoreComparison and Contrast of Forecast Methods1585 Words   |  7 PagesComparison and Contrast of Forecast Methods MGT 554 Operations Management University of Phoenix Professor Leonard Enger May 1, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENT Cover PageÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….1 Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...2 Seasonal ForecastingÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..3 Delphi MethodÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…4 Technological MethodÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…5 Time-series forecastingÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...6 Company Forecasting MethodsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..7 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 ReferencesÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Read MoreComparison And Contrast Of Perpetua And Lucretia1187 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Contrast of Perpetua and Lucretia By comparing the following primary sources, â€Å"The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas† and â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia,† historians can learn about the archetypes of Roman society. The former text, written in 202 or 203 CE, is a prison diary of a young martyr in Carthage. The protagonist, Perpetua, is arrested and sentenced to death because she refused to renounce her Christian faith. Despite having a newborn and hearing consistent outcry from her father

Hong Kong Waste Problem Free Essays

Hong Kong has an imminent waste problem. Here you can learn about what municipal solid waste is, how significant our waste problem is, and how the Government tackles the problem. The Waste Problem Hong Kong generates several types of solid waste. We will write a custom essay sample on Hong Kong Waste Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now It includes municipal solid waste (MSW), which comes from domestic, commercial and industrial sources; construction waste, which arises from construction, renovation and demolition activities; and other special wastes such as chemical waste and livestock waste. †¢ More on waste in Hong Konghttp://www. epd. gov. k/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/waste_maincontent. html Municipal Solid Waste Municipal solid waste includes waste from domestic premises and public facilities, commerce and some types of industry, but excludes construction waste and chemical waste. Each year, more than 6 million tonnes of MSW are generated, over half of which is disposed of in the three strategic landfills. Unfortunately, the generation of MSW has been growing at a much faster rate than expected, and our consumption-led lifestyle is putting enormous pressure on these landfills. The three existing landfills will be full, one by one, in the mid to late 2010s. If the waste loads continue to increase, there will be a need to allocate an additional 400 hectares of land to develop new landfill sites to meet our waste disposal needs up to 2030. Clearly, Hong Kong needs a more sustainable way to deal with waste. To address our waste problem, the Government published â€Å"A Policy Framework for the Management of MSW (2005-2014)† (Policy Framework) in December 2005. The Policy Framework sets out a comprehensive strategy for the management of MSW in the next 10 years. It consists of a series of policy tools and measures to tackle the waste problem head on. †¢ More on municipal solid wastehttp://www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/msw. htm †¢ Information on the Policy Framework for the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (2005-2014)http://www. epd. gov. hk/epd/msw/htm_en/content. htm Construction Waste The high levels of construction activity in Hong Kong generate equally high levels of inert or recyclable waste and non-inert or organic waste. Both hese forms of waste pose challenges to the maintenance of our landfill programme, and need to be managed carefully. Under the polluter-pays principle, the Environmental Protection Department operates the Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme, whereby construction waste producers pay appropriate charges for the disposal of their waste. The Government is also encouraging the industry to sort and recycle waste as far as possible, and to plan and build more efficiently to minimise waste. Mo re on construction wastehttp://www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/constructionwaste. htm Waste Reduction and Recycling You can participate in a number of waste reduction programmes. The Wastewi$e Label under the Hong Kong Awards for Environmental Excellence, for example, helps Hong Kong businesses and organisations in adopting measures to reduce the amount of waste generated within their establishments or through the products and services they provide. It provides members with free advice on waste management techniques and rewards their efforts through public recognition. You can also help the recycling of domestic waste by participating in the Programme on Source Separation of Domestic Waste and separating waste using the waste separation bins on housing estates and deposit rechargeable batteries in designated collection boxes. †¢ More on waste reduction and recyclinghttp://www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/wasteredrecyc. htm How to cite Hong Kong Waste Problem, Papers

The real monster in Frankenstein Essay Example

The real monster in Frankenstein Paper In focusing upon the creatures first murder, the moment where he becomes truly demonic, Shelley encourages us to consider how our personalities are formed and what forces can transform a man into a monster. The next cruel act committed by the creature is to frame Justine with the childs murder. He is almost killing two birds with one stone here. This is another monstrous act of revenge emphasising the fact that the creature is the monster in this passage. Shelley seems to be suggesting that it is both the external forces that act upon us and the inner workings of the mind that turn men into monsters. At the end of the passage, the creature demands a companion, also created by Victor. This is what he has been waiting for since his creation. If Victor rejects this demand he will become a monster because, once again, he is denying the creature love and compassion in the form of a companion. But Victor does not want to create another creature like this one. He is in a lose-lose situation. If he creates another being, he will feel double the guilt; if he does not, the creature will continue to exact revenge. Later in the story, Victor starts to reconsider his decision to create a companion for the creature. We will write a custom essay sample on The real monster in Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The real monster in Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The real monster in Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He is considering the effects of having two superhuman beings in the world. He is indecisive until he sees the creature at the window of his workshop. He is reminded of the past actions of the creature. Victor, perceiving the creature to be spying on him, rips apart the second creation, almost in defiance. The creature is deeply unhappy about this, The Wretch saw me destroy the creature on whose future existence he depended for happiness. Victor is the monster here but when the creature returns later and says I shall be with you on your wedding night, We start to think of what the creature will do to Victor. The reader is now undecided about who the real monster is. The creature is the master of Victor but Victor is the only one who can give him a mate. The creature is powerful over Victor physically and can control his outer movements, but Victor is in control of his own mind and his conscience and he cant be forced to make a mate for the creature. Near the conclusion of the novel, Victor is sent to gaol following a wrongful arrest for the murder of Clerval. He is distraught when he finds Clervals body. He believes that he has caused the death and says Have my murderous machinations deprived you also, my dearest Henry, of life? Two I have already destroyed; other victims await their destiny: but you, Clerval, my friend, my benefactor This shows that Victor has now come to think of himself as a monster for creating a creature that had killed even his best friend. After serving some time in gaol, he is eventually released and decides to marry Elizabeth as soon as possible because he suspects that the creature is going to kill him on his wedding night and he is prepared for death. However, by marrying Elizabeth, he is really hastening her death unknowingly. He is anxious and apprehensive of what may happen soon, but he is so concerned about his own safety fears that he does not think about anyone elses. The negative side of his character has increased, selfishness has taken over and he bears no responsibility for Elizabeth. When Elizabeth dies at the hands of the creature, Victors thoughts turn to revenge. By killing the creature he hopes to put an end to the traumatic events. After Victor has finished his narration to Walton, Walton continued to write letters to his sister because he is filled with admiration for Victor. It appears to the reader that Walton is so desperate for a companion that he thinks favourably of Victor even if he were to be a murderer. This associates Walton with the creature in some ways. The previous passage fills the reader with sympathy for Victor. He has practically given up on life and the only purpose he has for living is to destroy the being to whom I gave existence. He feels that no man can be as close a friend as Clerval was to him and no woman can be like Elizabeth. Both of these important people have been removed by the creature. Can any man be to me as Clerval was; or any woman another Elizabeth? Victor believes that when he has killed the creature his Lot on earth will be fulfilled, and I may die. The creature is portrayed as a monster who has destroyed Victors very reason for living, but it may be argued that Victor created the being and so brought the misery on himself. The last passage in the book is very moving. Victor has died (through natural causes) and as Walton returns to his cabin to prepare him for his funeral, he discovers the creature bent over the cold body of Victor, in immense grief. The creature has come to hate himself for what he has put his creator through. That is also my victim! In his murder my crimes are consummated: the miserable series of my being is wound to its close! Oh, Frankenstein! Generous and self-devoted being! What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst. Alas! He is cold, he cannot answer me. This shows the creature regretted his actions. The creature himself has realised how monstrous he has been to Frankenstein but it is not as much as the creature has had to endure in his short life. Overall, I believe that Victor is the real monster in this novel. He creates nearly all the suffering and misery in the story. He creates the creature which suffers because of disfigurement; he makes his family suffer misery by hardly ever acknowledging their constant support and love for him, and, probably most of all, he makes himself suffer huge amounts of misery through his unplanned actions. Also by usurping the powers of God, he is performing the biggest sin: trying to play God. Victors overwhelming ambition was to give life to something which was lifeless. By creating life by himself without the need of the involvement of a woman was against the laws of nature and could be seen as monstrous. This could only bring destruction and misery to everyone involved. Frankenstein pays dearly for this and, in some ways, gets his just reward by having all he ever loved taken away from him. The creature was not born evil. His actions were merely reactions to the way he was treated. Even his murder of Elizabeth was only a copy of Victors actions when destroying the mate he was making for the creature. Frankenstein had an overwhelming desire to be reknowned for a major achievement in medical science. This desire to satisfy his own ego grew into something which turned him into a monster. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

Free Essays on Hiroshima Bombing

Should we constantly be reminded of the memories of disasters such as Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and September 11th? My thesis for this essay is that yes everyone should always remember the aforementioned tragic events. My main three main reasons for taking this position are that the world should not forgive and not forget, some people can not bring themselves to remember the events only because it hurt them so badly, but events as major as these need to be remembered. Finally, that since the tragedies have taken place people have come together more as one unified society. By forgiving and not forgetting about what happened in the countries past can only make a nation stronger. If society as a whole put these events in the back of our minds for good and never thought or grieved about it then we would be susceptible to more attacks. However, if there are constant memorials being erected and candles being lit to show that people remember and did not forget about those lost for their efforts, by doing so it would show that society, as a whole would be stronger by simply remembering. By forgetting about the past events only makes the nation a bigger target for more terror and tragedy. I consider the bombing of Hiroshima one of the most crucial and pivotal points in history. While it was a gruesome act it needed to be done to end an on going war. If it were not for the bombing, who is to say how long the war could have gone for. One of the main reasons to remember something as tragic as Hiroshima is that it could have changed the face of history forever. Furthermore, I know I do not like thinking of depressing things, or for example a death in the family is what I consider a tragic event as well. Even though it is a depressing and sad thought, people still need to keep our past in our minds for the future. John Berger says it best in his essay Hiroshima about how evil and terrible the thoughts about these events are â€Å"Nobody can confront the ... Free Essays on Hiroshima Bombing Free Essays on Hiroshima Bombing Should we constantly be reminded of the memories of disasters such as Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and September 11th? My thesis for this essay is that yes everyone should always remember the aforementioned tragic events. My main three main reasons for taking this position are that the world should not forgive and not forget, some people can not bring themselves to remember the events only because it hurt them so badly, but events as major as these need to be remembered. Finally, that since the tragedies have taken place people have come together more as one unified society. By forgiving and not forgetting about what happened in the countries past can only make a nation stronger. If society as a whole put these events in the back of our minds for good and never thought or grieved about it then we would be susceptible to more attacks. However, if there are constant memorials being erected and candles being lit to show that people remember and did not forget about those lost for their efforts, by doing so it would show that society, as a whole would be stronger by simply remembering. By forgetting about the past events only makes the nation a bigger target for more terror and tragedy. I consider the bombing of Hiroshima one of the most crucial and pivotal points in history. While it was a gruesome act it needed to be done to end an on going war. If it were not for the bombing, who is to say how long the war could have gone for. One of the main reasons to remember something as tragic as Hiroshima is that it could have changed the face of history forever. Furthermore, I know I do not like thinking of depressing things, or for example a death in the family is what I consider a tragic event as well. Even though it is a depressing and sad thought, people still need to keep our past in our minds for the future. John Berger says it best in his essay Hiroshima about how evil and terrible the thoughts about these events are â€Å"Nobody can confront the ...

What a Legal Clinic Is

What a Legal Clinic Is A legal clinic (also called a law school clinic or law clinic) is a program organized through law school that allows students to receive law school credit as they work part-time in real (not simulated) legal service atmospheres. In legal clinics, students perform various tasks just as an attorney would do in the same job position, such as doing legal research, drafting briefs and other legal documents, and interviewing clients. Many jurisdictions even allow students to appear in court on behalf of clients, even in criminal defense. Most law clinics are open only to third-year law students, although some schools may provide opportunities for second-year students as well. Legal clinics are generally pro bono,  i.e., offering free legal services to clients, and supervised by law professors. There is usually no classroom component in legal clinics. Participating in a legal clinic is a great way for students to gain hands-on experience before heading off into the job market. Legal clinics are available in many areas of law, including but not limited to: Community legal servicesCriminal lawElder lawEnvironmental lawFamily lawHuman rightsImmigration lawTax law Renowned Clinics at Law Schools Across the Nation Stanford Law School’s Three Strikes Project is a great example of a law clinic dealing with criminal justice. The Three Strikes project provides representation to convicts serving life sentences under California’s three-strikes law for committing minor, non-violent felonies.   One of the many clinics at the University of Texas Law School is the Immigration Clinic. As part of the Immigration Clinic, law students represent â€Å"vulnerable low-income immigrants from all over the world† in federal courts before the Department of Homeland Security. Georgetown University Law School’s clinic offerings have earned it the number one ranking for â€Å"Best Clinical Training†. Ranging from Affordable Housing Transactions to Social Enterprise and Nonprofit clinics, the majority of Georgetown University Law School’s clinics involve extensive engagement with the D.C. community. One highlight of their offerings is the Center for Applied Legal Studies, which represents refugees seeking political asylum in the United States due to threatened persecution in their home countries. Lewis and Clark Law School has an International Environmental Law Project clinic that allows law students to work on real-world environmental legal issues. Past projects have included working with groups to protect endangered species and working to create new laws to protect the environment.   At Northwestern University’s Pritzker School of Law, students help clients who are appealing their cases in the Seventh Circuit and the United States Supreme Court through the Appellate Advocacy Center clinic. There are even clinics that work solely on cases associated with the highest court in the country: the Supreme Court. Supreme Court clinics can be found at Stanford Law School, New York University Law School, Yale Law School, Harvard Law School, University of Virginia Law School, University of Texas Law School, Emory University Law School, Northwestern University Law School, University of Pennsylvania Law School, and Southwestern University Law School. Supreme Court clinics write and file amicus briefs, petitions for certiorari, and merits briefs.   Legal clinic offerings vary greatly in both number and type by school, so be sure to investigate carefully while  choosing a law school. Legal clinical experience is highly recommended for law students; it looks great on your resume plus it gives you the chance to try out an area of law before committing to it in a full-time job.

Current prison population Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current prison population - Coursework Example Such issue has been the primary consideration of some international and local authorities in formulating ways to enhance their correction system and the enforcement of their own laws. Some writers were puzzled of the primary cause of this consistent rise in prison rate despite the allocation of huge amounts for the corrections all over the country. An author cited that this phenomenon is due to the sentence length of crimes even for non-violent ones such as simple theft and drug possession (Pelaez). However, it could also be concurred that the lack of focus for rehabilitation is the major reason. It is said that restorative justice is better than just focusing on the effects of imprisonment as the primary form of punishment in a society. Rehabilitation of offenders by gaining back the society’s confidence towards them is seen as an effective approach to crime prevention. Despite these criticisms, it can be observed that police officers in such state are active enough in loc ating offenders during a crime and hence, very dependable. The rise in the prison rate can be seen as a sign of good criminal enforcement system in the United States. However, their punishment system should be revised to consider the importance of rehabilitation than just mere imprisonment. Pelaez, Vicky. â€Å"The Prison Industry in the United States: Big Business or a New Form of Slavery.† GlobalResearch.ca. GlobalResearch.ca, 10 March 2008. Web. 27 Jan. 2010. U.S. Department of Justice. â€Å"Total Correctional Population.† Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 26 Jan. 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2010.

American National Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American National Government - Essay Example The Supreme Court had never occasion to rule on freedom of speech issues until opponents of conscription during WWI were prosecuted for sedition. These cases established that speech that presented as "clear and present danger" to the government could be prohibited. This definition has remained the court's operative principle in such cases since that time. Since cases began to be brought before the court in the 1970s concerning campaign financing, the Court has consistently refused any limitation on the right of candidates to spend money, but just as consistently allowed the strict limitation of direct political contributions (so that, for example, an extremely wealthy individual could not single-handedly finance the campaign of any candidate but himself). The Supreme Court has always held that flag burning, precisely because of it unpopular and wildly politically inflammatory character, is protected speech. a. push: A push pool is a sort of telemarketing campaign disguised as a telephone poll in which the political operatives call potential voters and ask them leading or unfair questions meant to alter their political views. b.

A Review Of The Fm Radio

A Review Of The Fm Radio FM has proved itself to be the most innovative and extremely popular medium across the world. This medium enjoys a unique history. It has evolved like any other regular medium but proved itself when other media failed to do so. INVENTOR: It was Major Edwin Armstrong, who is the original inventor of the Frequency Modulation (FM) radio broadcasting system. Major Edwin is not only the inventor on FM but has also contributed greatly many enchantments to the Amplitude Modulation. Since the inventor was one of the developers of AM so he always knew what the AM lacked and its problems. Keeping his experience in his hand, Major Edwin devised a new type of radio transmission that eliminated these problems. He named the new type Frequency Modulation later on popularised as FM. The inventor had to face problems in launching hi FM. He took his idea to his friend who was the head of Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Major Edwin noticed the professional jealousy in the head of RCA so therefore sold the manufacturing rights to several other radio manufacturing companies. This resulted in Armstrong being plagued by RCAs determination to undermine his invention. The legal battle started between RCA and Armstrong and as a result of it the inventor jumped from his 30th floor apartment, ending his life. Working of FM: According to record of Westinghouse and KDKA On December 26, 1933, Edwin Howard Armstrong was issued five basic patents on his FM system. At the same time, it is important to remember that many stations in the VHF band were still amplitude modulated. Actual official FM operations began in 1940/41. Major Armstrong (U.S. Signal Corps, WWI) conducted the first regular transmissions of the FM techniques used today beginning in 1935 on a frequency of 42.1 MHz from a transmitter loaned him by RCA atop the Empire State Building in New York. On April 10, 1938, Armstrong began the experimental station W2XMN on 43.7 MHz at 600 Watts. Full Power of 35,000 Watts and regular programming was report begun on July 18, 1939. The station lasted until 1954. Several more stations began regular program service in 1940 as GE and other manufacturers started making quantities of FM receivers. All were still considered experimental and were operated without commercial content. According to online process there are two ways in which FM stations work. Either they are Digital or Ana-log. In Ana-log FM, the frequency of the AC signal wave, also called the carrier, varies in a continuous manner. Thus, there are infinitely many possible carrier frequencies. In narrowband FM, commonly used in two-way wireless communications, the instantaneous carrier frequency varies by up to 5 kilohertz (kHz, where 1 kHz = 1000 hertz or alternating cycles per second) above and below the frequency of the carrier with no modulation. In wideband FM, used in wireless broadcasting, the instantaneous frequency varies by up to several megahertz (MHz, where 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz). When the instantaneous input wave has positive polarity, the carrier frequency shifts in one direction; when the instantaneous input wave has negative polarity, the carrier frequency shifts in the opposite direction. At every instant in time, the extent of carrier-frequency shift (the deviation) is directly proportional to the extent to which the signal amplitude is positive or negative. In digital FM, the carrier frequency shifts abruptly, rather than varying continuously. The number of possible carrier frequency states is usually a power of 2. If there are only two possible frequency states, the mode is called frequency-shift keying (FSK). In more complex modes, there can be four, eight, or more different frequency states. Each specific carrier frequency represents a specific digital input data state. Frequency modulation is similar in practice to phase modulation (PM). When the instantaneous frequency of a carrier is varied, the instantaneous phase changes as well. The converse also holds: When the instantaneous phase is varied, the instantaneous frequency changes. But FM and PM are not exactly equivalent, especially in analog applications. When an FM receiver is used to demodulate a PM signal, or when an FM signal is intercepted by a receiver designed for PM, the audio is distorted. This is because the relationship between frequency and phase variations is not linear; that is, frequency and phase do not vary in direct proportion. Federal Communication Commission (FCC): The FCC permitted regular commercial operation of FM stations in 1941, and the first commercial FM station, W47NV (now WSM-FM) in Nashville, signed on during New Years Day of 1941. The first Non-Commercial FM station was KALW, San Francisco. Owned by the SF Unified School District, this station was licensed in March of 1941, and apparently signed on officially sometime between then and September. (This station was equipped with a converted RCA unit, given to the District, after 1939-40 Golden Gate International Exposition. Armstrong also operated a subcarrier on that transmitter and demonstrated transmission of facsimile, to show that newspapers might also be delivered by radio broadcast stations. His facsimile demonstrations were carried on later by a number of FM stations, most notably those of the Cox broadcast and newspaper group, including WIOD-FM in Miami. Difference between AM and FM: AM radio stations broadcast at much lower frequency when compared with FM. According to Porter (2010) Commercial AM stations broadcast at 550 kilohertz to 1600 kilohertz, while FM stations broadcast at 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz. The prefix kilo stands for thousand, and the prefix mega stands for million. She further says that the radio waves travelling in the air remain more vulnerable to amplitude changes rather than frequency. AM and FM are different in their working. They transmit in different ways. AM transmits through power and the ionosphere interferences with these radio waves while FM is though high antennas in the air to broaden the range of broadcast. FM Media in Pakistan: Naz (2008) writes that Pakistan Broadcast Corporation (PBC) took the first step in setting up an FM station back in 1994 as FM Gold. PBC has used its own studios and staff for FM Gold. The initial transmission was limited to the big cities only. The transmission slots were from 7:00 AM till 1:00 PM as experimental. In 1996 PBC started FM 101 as an independent FM channel. Fm 100 is considered the pioneer FM station, established in 1994 and started its transmission on March 23 1995 according to their webpage history. After an immense response to FM 100 in listenership and commercialization and technological boom, the debate of privatization hit the Pakistan Media field. Soon afterward Musharraf liberated the Media and so new and private channels entered the media entrepreneurship. This proved to be a very positive step for FM stations development. Radio has been an integral part of any nations communication. It has the power to make or break the society when it comes to the impact of radio. The radio in Pakistan has also seen downfalls in history and at times it has also seen upsurges. The nation when had only one media of communication, radio, the nation utilized the media vastly and vitally. Radio Pakistan has witness its glory days when whole families use to sit around it for news or infotainment. With advent of TV radios usage graph dropped little down. But the usage of TV was limited to cities only. Even today at many far flung areas in Pakistan, TV is not the media in use but still its radio. Introduction of FM in the country was the revival of radio medium in the country. The broadcast quality of FM is vastly superior to that of AM. The FM stations in Pakistan can be categorized in three: Affiliated channels The affiliated broadcasters are the legal broadcasts that come under PEMRA in Pakistan. These channels are properly licensed and they operate under the laws of Pakistan. These are geographically registered. Right winged FM broadcast There are FM channels that are designed for the right winged society keeping in view the fact that religion is the base to everything in our society. Currently Pakistan does not have such channel operating. Sustained Illegal FM broadcasters These are un-authorized channels that have been used by many non-state elements. The biggest example of this category is the illegal FM stations in Swat and FATA. This type or category is mostly used by negative elements in a society or revolutionist. For many areas in NWFP and FATA, since there were number of illegal stations working, therefore, government has introduced alternative radio stations controlled by government itself. Mostly these alternative radio stations are available in the urban centres along with international radio stations like BBC and VOA. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA): To regulate the public and private media Musharraf made a regulatory body Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). PEMRA according to their official website has been established under PEMRA Ordinance 2002 to facilitate and regulate the private electronic media. It has mandate to improve the standards of information, education and entertainment and to enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan Including news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art and culture as well as science and technology. According to Wikipedia (2010), Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (formerly named RAMBO Regulatory Authority for Media and Broadcast Organizations) was formed to gradually liberate the broadcasting sector in Pakistan. PEMRA has issued a number of licenses to Cable TV operations, FM Radio stations and Satellite TV Channels. PEMRA and FM: FM radio broadcasting is used for the high quality sound. The band according to PEMRA is 880109 MHz. The area of coverage is 40-50kms. The main clauses of PEMRA dealing FM stations are 13. Media ownership concentration and exclusion of monopolies. To ensure that fair competition is facilitated, media diversity and plurality are promoted in the society and undue concentration of media ownership is not created. Maximum number of licences that may be issued to a person or any of its directors or partners where such person is a company or firm, who is directly or indirectly, controlling, owning or operating more than one media enterprise, shall not exceed a total of four satellite TV, four FM Radio licences and two landing rights permissions. Area of operation- A licensee to whom a licence has been issued for a particular area shall not extend or shift its operations beyond the territorial limits of that area without prior permission of the Authority and up-gradation of its existing licence or issuance of a new licence shall also be subject to permission in writing by the Authority: Provided that an FM radio licensee shall not be allowed to shift its station from the city for which it has been licensed. The body has a set code of conduct about the content. The code of conduct is same for both the audio and audio visual media. It is a 2 page code of conduct which includes the basic ethical restrictions. FM today: Like the rest of the world, Pakistan also saw the boom in the radio industry and so after allowing from government to set up private radio stations, more than 200 FM stations have been licensed. Presently there are number of FM stations working in big and small cities. MA Research Foundation (2009) writes that majority of the current radio stations are entertainment focused while some also broadcast news. The FM station is an active media and an important source of contacting with people. Local FM stations can be very helpful for communicating with people at a local level plus it could narrow down the gap between administration and public. Initially the FM media lacked trained people. Since there were not many trained radio workers. But then in the following years many universities offered degrees in media which to some extent met the deficiency of trained people. Still the media is said to be growing and at initial stage of learning since trained people are not substitutes of experienced ones. Problems and Solutions of FM Stations: The biggest and foremost problem that FM stations face is in the selection of broadcasters. FM broadcasters are commonly known as RJs i.e. radio jockeys or MJs i.e. Music Jockeys. Since the media lacks experienced people therefore selection and hiring has been an issue in the industry. In case of an RJ, only the quality of voice has been considered benchmark. As far as the criteria of selection is considered, command over language, pronunciation, general knowledge in social political and ethical issues must be stressed. An RJ must not be just put in front of the mike without his/her training in various fields. He/she should first be trained according to the policy of the parent company. Before sitting in front of the mike the RJ should at least have knowledge about the psychology of people of the broadcast area or the target audience. These days the FM is only a revenue generation firm. Revenue at any cost not only damages the standard of the station but also the reputation plus it is contrary to the ethical values practiced in Pakistan. To attract more listenership and through huge listenership attracting more and more advertisers has been an issue. Since all radio stations except few follow this policy therefore the FM media faces monotone in its programming. For this reason mostly the programs are entertainment based and musical. FM in Pakistani Society: The FM media has the ability to mobilize the society and depart information to the society. Therefore it could be an important tool for the societal development. The FM stations are the best way to involve people in the society development projects. For this purpose more and more community radios should be set up. Setting up community radios might be risky because if not set properly. These can be used for negative propagandas. Properly set means to be like a proper radio station registered with PEMRA and under the law of the country. Radio and specially FM stations that are now even available in mobiles as well are a cheap source of entertainment, education and information. Especially in big cities where one has access to number of different radio stations. This is not only a cheap media in terms of price but also a portal media which was easy to carry with you. A common use of the FM is seen during any other work since it is a cold media. It can be listened while doing some other routine work. People enjoy listening to it while driving, ploughing in villages, and workers in factories or shops. FM in Pakistan gained more popularity in electricity crisis. When people have no access to any media, FM stations proved to be the only source of information. The role of the media is also to unite people in case of any insurgency or problem in any country. These radio stations are also helpful in dealing with the natural calamities. This role was visible during the 2005 earthquake. The radio stations besides their regular transmission also aired the names and information about the missing people and injured people so that they may be contacted by their relatives. Not only had this but the radio proved itself in Pakistan when it tried in bringing people out of that trauma that the nation had gone through. FM media and Politics: The emergency in Pakistan: During emergency rule in Pakistan, when all media had to go through dark phase and when people had no access to any medium, before moving towards internet as media , people of Pakistan had tried FM stations. H.Yousaf(2009) says that people had been using FM radio broadcasts and cell phones as a way to organize and disseminate information. She adds that the emergent, ad hoc, and hyper local networked public spheres thus created served the public well under emergency rule. According to the writer the medium did not emerge as a site for civic engagement or community building. This was due to the fact that the FM channels both private and public were banned to air news and current affairs even before the emergency rule. According to PEMRA regulations the FM stations were supposed to broadcast diversified mixture of programs specializing in education, information, entertainment, culture and other areas. Initially this clause was interpreted to mean that no form of news is allowed. Community radios are thought to be daily life radio which guides you to make your day easier. This may be by telling you the right road to your office or keeping and umbrella in case of forecast rain. The city radio of Karachi according to H.Yousaf, played the role of community radio during 2008 Karachi riots. It kept on alerting people with traffic updates. FM stations: The common FM stations that are accessible in the federal capital are: FM 101 This is the channel of Radio Pakistan. The channel was specially introduced for the youth of Pakistan. The content of the channels involve regular programming with strict ethical code of conduct. FM 101 does not enjoy a complete freedom of expression since it comes under a government body. FM 101 also airs its transmission on dish TV. FM 100 FM 100 was the first and a leading channel. It has maintained its standard of content. All the content aired on FM100 is in respect to the culture and traditions of Pakistan. FM 96.4 FM 96.4 is relatively new. The channel is a simple entertainment channel. The channel has RJs for whole day. FM 94 It is an English channel. The channel is called Planet 94. This is an entertainment channel which airs the entertaining content in English. FM 92.4 This is a specialized community radio station from Islamabad Traffic Police. The channel specialises in traffic management information and education. The channel is localized therefore it airs special content for traffic. FM 89 This is an English based channel. The name of the channel is city FM 89. Its target audience is English speaking foreigners and overseas Pakistani who have returned to Pakistan. Many people call it a elite class or upper class radio station. It currently operates four stations across Pakistan: Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and Faisalabad. FM 91: FM 91 is another English channel. It is owned by an advertising agency. Listening to 91gives an impression of it set to be a top dog. This maintains the Pakistani culture and does not westernize the content at the value of Pakistani culture. The RJs at FM 91 seem to be more Pakistani speaking English. The channel also airs Urdu music at time. The channel enjoys the ratio of music and content at 70:30 in terms of language Urdu and English. So the channel cannot be categorized complete English. FM99 Targeting the lower middle and middle class of Pakistan 99 has gained popularity in masses. The channel also airs programs on current affairs and news. It also airs programs in other languages like dari and Pashtu. FM 93 FM 93 is also a channel of Radio Pakistan. It specializes in sports. The channel airs live coverage of the cricket matches of Pakistan. FM 106.2 This is a musical special since it does not have any RJ. The channel only has music aired all the time. Besides that the channel airs BBC sports news 3 to 4 times a day. It is also a cricket specialized station because it also airs the coverage of the cricket matches but no other sports. Content of FM stations: If the content of above mentioned fm channels is examined closely there would be clearly seen that these fm channels or purely entertainment based. The news content is not mainly focused by these channels if we see them collectively. But after examining them on individual level the findings are different from channel to channel. The FM stations in Pakistan are mostly entertainment based. This entertainment mainly is through live shows that RJs conduct and play music on the whole. They have a link time defined by their company. The linked time refers to the time that they speak on air. In between this link time, music is played. Many radio stations are now running programs for women issue and even youth or children based as well. But the format of the programs is more or less the same. The special programs that focus on women issue or any other will have some experts in it talking on the issue and being contacted by local women through telephone in case of any query. Another benchmark that the radio station of Pakistan has set is to have a Ghazal program at the late hours of the day. The programs of the radio stations can be said to be monotonous. Any FM station will have a special music hour, a specialised program, a night time ghazal program and regular music based shows. The radio station should keep in mind the program that it has to present. While planning a program, the length and utility of the program? How long the program will be, its frequency and also its consequences. Keep in view what will be the consequences of your programs and will it be anything utilizable for the society or not. The news element on radio seems to lack some technicalities. A good new bulletin on radio can become a cause of attraction for the listeners. The main function of news and current affairs on FM channel is to aware people and trains them. Easy access to information leads to educated society and once the society is educated it gains the confidence to play its role in nation building. According to MA research publication (2009) Presently, FM radio stations are working on big and small towns, and highways but many radio stations avoid broadcasting news due to strict and tough policies of PEMRA. In fact, in the beginning PEMRA had not allowed the private sector radio stations to present news and current affairs programs, but now after the PEMRA has relaxed its rules, some FM radio stations have began news and current affairs programs. However, the FM radios presenting news programs face shortage of trained and experienced staff, having a keen news sense and command on technical aspects of news. Moreover, the listeners want immediate information about major happenings while the FM radios due to lack of proper staff fail to provide them correct and timely news. They further write that The FM stations do not have trained and experienced people. That is why the standard of the news and current affairs is not up to the mark and satisfactory. The stations should have a co de of conduct for the people from news and current affairs. There is a big way difference in the content of public and private channels. The public channels fm 101 and fm 93 have got different focus and preferences. They give hour to hour detailed news bulletin and they also broadcast news programs, news documentaries, dialogues, and promotional content for the state authorities. If we examine the news content of these two channels they can considered being puppets in the hands of government. The activities and events of the authorities are also given a prominent coverage by these two channels. This is what we can take as a drawback of these channels but if we see the positive side it is found after analyzing their content that these channels are very patriotic and loyal. Every national day is celebrated by fm 101 and fm 93 with specially designed program line. As far as the music collection is concerned, Indian songs are not allowed to air through fm 101 and fm 93. When the content of both the channels is compared with each other, it is found that fm 101 has a conventional and sober tone while fm 93 is designed according to the demand of todays trends. Its more lively and dynamic in its program formats and content even fm 93 is given more freedom as compared to fm 101. Another good aspect of these two channels is they give a significant importance to decency of the content and they are strictly monitored to maintain the civility in the programs. Radio junkies are not allowed to use bold topics or bold and indecent words in their conversation. Very keen attention is given to the Urdu pronunciation and dialogue delivery of the presenters. You would find an excellent selection and delivery of words uttered by the presenters in the programs especially in the news bulletin. When it comes to the private channels fm 100 is the one which comes at the top of this league in terms of decency, standard and quality content. The best thing about fm 100 is it keeps its decency and follow the moral values but also comes in the league of modern channels. It fulfils the demand of todays youth but doesnt adopt cheap methods to increase its popularity. The listenership of this channel is very high just because of this reason. It wouldnt be wrong if we call it a well balanced fm channel of Pakistan. The news bulletin is aired after every hour and there are also some programs designed to discuss the social and political issues. This channel doesnt focus on news content that much as compared to the other channels. It focuses on the traditional and culture oriented program formats. Fm 99 is considered to come under the popular channels. This channel gives a great focus to the news content as well. The channel is also known for its over-entertainment content and program formats. It caters each and every strata of society. It doesnt pay much attention to the decency of the content and language used by the presenters most of the times cross the borders of civility. The channel hired presenters from every region and designed the programs in many regional languages as well. There is no restriction on the selection of songs. Fm 106.2 is a pure entertainment channel. It is owned by ARY, a reputed television channel of Pakistan. It airs nonstop music 24 hours a day. There wasnt any presenter in the channel when it was started but it was just focusing on airing the music all the time. Now they have started some programs but most of the time nonstop music is aired from the channel. News content is not given attention by this fm channel. FM 91 as caters elite class keeps the essence of parent culture in its programs. Most of RJs on the channel are with neutral accent. Their RJs do not Americanize their accents while speaking English. The channel is purely an entertainment channel. They have special designed programs for peace, patriotism and peace promotion. Another 24 hour entertainment channel plays mostly English, Hindi and Urdu music. The channel also has the privilege to be the first in playing its part for the community betterment. The program was specially designed for the youngsters to seek advice from experienced people to pursue their career. As far as RJs of FM91 are concerned, well this channel has maintained a set standard in hiring its RJs. So you will find good RJs on this station who not only are well groomed in their personalities but they add something to the society through this powerful medium that they have. Another radio station launched by the Islamabad traffic police, is FM 92.4. This can be categorized under a community radio since it performs some tasks of a community radio. But the tasks that it performs for community are limited to traffic and road problems only. In a way this can also be called a specialized radio which is dealing a single department. The content aired is not up to the mark since the RJs at the station seem to be amateur. They are not well trained or experienced. The station has stick policy to play only the national music and no other type. The channel airs the traffic update of Rawalpindi and Islamabad from time to time. Along with that they keep on playing promos that comprise of traffic rules and road ethics. FM94 and 96.4 are comparatively new in line. FM 94 is still struggling with target audience since the channel has still not made it to favourites of any group. This is another English channel that airs all English content. It is also a creation of Radio Pakistan. Since it is a public owned station therefore it is faced with lot many restrictions when compared with other English stations. FM 94.6 is Urdu channel. It is purely an entertainment channel. The channel faces the same issues of substandard content that other Urdu stations also suffer from. FM stations Network: The FM station like TV stations in Pakistan can find a common ground and produce a networking for the betterment of the field. For the betterment two declarations have already been conducted which are discussed below: Murree Declaration: Pakistan Press Foundation (PPF) in collaboration with International Broadcasting Bureau of Voice of America (VOA) organized a five-day workshop at Shangrila Hotel, Murree from May 14 to May 18, 2006, which was attended by local and foreign FM broadcasters and university representatives. The workshop participants approved the following declaration: 1. A community radio forum should be established in Pakistan. 2. PEMRA should review and amend its rules and policies to help in development of community radio in Pakistan. 3. PEMRA should allow the community radios to present news and current affairs programs. 4. Strategy should be formed for booting freedom of expression, ensuring security and safety of people related to mass media, and further straightening of media organizations. 5. Network should be formed between participants of workshop. 6. Universities should set up training academies for broad casters of all communities in their mass communication/ journalism departments. 7. The radio stations set up in the earthquake affected areas should be allowed to continue their broadcasting, and they should also be given status of community radios. 8. A network of campus radios should be established in Pakistani universities. 9. Pakistan Press Foundation should be requested to continue its training workshops for the capacity building of community broadcasters. 10. The government should ensure peoples access to information at every level A six-member committee comprised Mr. Razi Rizvi of Voice of America Urdu Service, Mr. Owais Aslam Ali Secretary General Pakistan Press Foundation, Mr. Sajjad Paracha of Mass Communication Department University of Bahawalpur, Ms. Shazia Gul of Mass Communication Department University of Peshawar, Mr. Aijaz Ahmed of Mass Communication Department University of Baluchistan Quetta, and Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Bhatti, Deputy Controller Radio Pakistan Muzaffarabad drafted the declaration. Rawalakot Declaration: Pakistan Press Foundation in collaboration with Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) organized a workshop on Development of FM Radio in Pakistan at the Himalaya International Hotel Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir on August 9-10, 2008, which was attended by the station managers and broadcasters of 23 FM radio stations of Pakistan. They approved following declaration: 1. The government should make laws to ensure access of FM radio information at every level. 2. A guar

Behavioral Implications Of Biological Developmental Changes In The Human Past

Behavioral patterns of the humans are no less influential in its biological development. In fact, one had complemented the other in many ways, and it is a never ending process. It is this process which have manifested in humans the most, after they justified their candidature before natural selection through its various stages of evolution, ranging from bipedalism to the development of language, save the development of brain-size in between.As behavior is found to be mostly species-specific, it speaks of its biological connection; on the other hand, biological development also keeps track of the behavioral changes and adapts to them, all the while environment playing a catalyst between (Descent, 2007). It's like gene-text facilitating the course of behavior and behavior at other times, influenced by the environment, scripting new traits in the gene-text.Some might call humans lucky to find the environment conducive to reach this stage, some would stress on the fact that bipedalism ho lds the key, while some other would stress on the behavior that humans achieved after bipedalism through the development of brain. Thus this essay explores the behavioral implications of biological developmental change, before coming to the conclusion of holding both equally responsible and complementing to each other. Bipedalism Two-legged activities are called bipedalism (bi=two, and pedalism= pedaling acts).It basically covers the four states of movement through a pair of legs, such as standing, walking, running and hopping. It has long evolving history among the vertebrates, ranging from dinosaurs to birds, save the ostrich, who has an estimated speed of 65 km per hour that once matched by the maniraptors, now in the extinct list of dinosaurs (Bipedalism, 2003). However, bipedalism is not a habit of those who have four legs, like the larger section of mammals.However, to match with the uniqueness of nature's diversity, the kangaroos lead in representing the mammals who use biped al movement, through hopping. But it is the humans who provided more variation in their bipedal movements, while the gibbons and giant pangolins prove to be distantly resembling to it. Understandably, bipedalism involves a firm ground beneath the feet; and that takes away the amphibians' scope to earn this scope. More so, it is mostly a reared-up action and barring a few instances of some lizards and cockroaches this action is also unfamiliar in arthropods.Same can be said about the reptilians. With exception being the rule of the nature, two kinds of octopus are seen to resort to bipedal movement at times or some of the animals can be trained to exploit the bipedal movement. , much like the humans who can train themselves to walk on their hands. These are deviations and have no bearing to the mainstream evolution. Bipedalism is considered to be one of the major causes of bringing humans where they are today. The reasons are far too many, as they range from elevation of perception t o the improved condition of survival.Between them lies the factors like utilization of free hands, swimming, faster movement, greater reach, etc. , that speak of several advantages of adapting to the living conditions. This trait has evolved independently, that is, not in a set pattern, having various lineages. As for example, the lizards, the recognized pioneer in bipedalism, have a proven track record of this since 290 million years! Dinosaurs and birds follow closely with their record of 230 million years, much before the groups of extant mammals resorted to bipedalism, mostly evolved independently.However the quest to find the reasons behind this elevation of humans fetch us 12 hypotheses and also points at the fact that the human brain-size could develop only after attaining bipedalism. Brain Development Bipedalism facilitated the humans with a new kind of freedom that they enjoyed with hands, letting them to be more organized in their survival and developmental processes. Howe ver, the gradual manifestation of intelligence in humans has a complex process, and still invites lot of research and observation.Charles Darwin attributed its development in humans as an evolution through the process of natural selection, where humans have become successful in manipulating the brain-body ratio, as well as the development of brain-size for a longer period after birth, rather than other creatures (Creationists, 2007). Overall the situations proved more conducive for the humans to develop their brain-size, like the bipedalism, or front-facing, binocular vision. The work-power of the two hands saved free zone for the brain for them, which led to the exploration of new avenues, thereby increasing the horizons of thinking through more number of activities.Once they adapted to giving birth to their offspring with soft skull that would grow on later, the humans were the decided master of the Earth. The evolution of intelligence always follows a pattern, where, a solution t o a problem takes the solver to another plane, where it faces a new set of problems – upon solving which, it again arrives at another plane to face the similar situation; in the process its thought-processing faculty also fights to gear up for the new challenge, finally succeeding in increasing its ability.Humans, after discovering their new life in the post bipedalism era, when they also had the scope to develop their brain-size in the post-natal period, faced the challenge of securing their offspring, who proved to be totally unfit to survive alone. This situation forced them to remain in groups and explore the ways to enhance the communication among the group members.This state again, commanded for using the brain more than earlier, and responding rightly to that challenge, the humans arrived at a new plain of existence, where they could mastermind their ventures and be joyous with more productivity, with the more secured system for their offspring. The power of interperso nal communication earmarked the new bend in the history of development of humans and finally propelled them to an astoundingly different height from the rest of all other creatures of the earth, with sophisticated set of body and brain complementing each other.Language Faculty The advent of the concept of communication gradually helped humans to shape their behavior, and those acquired traits again worked on their biological evolution apropos their interdependency. As like in its earlier stages where the new solutions fetched new problems which ultimately proved ladder to another developed state of being, the progress of language also had a similar route and is still evolving on with time. It started with signs and sounds and finally followed by the scripture forms, all generated with the intensity to express the ideas bubbling within.The behavioral process at this stage dealt with the urge to create the identity of the individual and the group; another new challenge with the invita tion of reaching another plane of refined existence. They then started identifying various sounds as the representative of various emotions, and needs; with time, these set ideas gave birth to proto-language, which, it could be well-assumed, were influenced and conditioned by the environment, much the way it helped them to achieve bipedalism, and thereafter the larger brain-size.Now it worked on to them find their identity, which generated the races with their certain features distinguishable from one group to another. This tendency of uniqueness gave way to the quest of tracing the uniqueness in an individual greater than ever, and in the process, the started reshaping the language by broadening its base from sound to scriptures, the cuneiforms. These activities also helped to serve the group or the race, helped to maintain the balance in the demand and supply ratio of the resources, it again indicated towards a better state of living with every requisites of it being more organize d and handy (Scientists, 2003).Thus a new avenue of collective living was opened with the cohesion in language. Some also earmark this period as the involuntary manifestation of the desire to form better society or race, a period of precursor of eugenics in the recent times; some attribute this stage as the moment before the giant leap of the civilization. However, concepts apart, there is no doubt that the advent of language among humans helped them to find their ways and means of more comfortable life-style and that attributed further to the evolution of their body that gradually adapted to that newly acquired lifestyle.CONCLUSION The history of the evolution of humans may be counted from the natural selection to the time from when humans started selecting their living conditions. Between these two poles, lie millions of years of graduation or probation period entwined with millions of influencing factors, in which its behavioral patterns and biological developments played stellar roles, both being interdependent and determiner of the development of the other.Likewise, it's the bipedalism facilitating the development of the brain, and then brain's behavior affecting the working pattern of the humans, which in turn influencing the body to adapt to that new working condition, and again that acquired new formation of the body ventures to some new action which is supported by the brain.. this never-ending process of evolution is still on; with body, brain and environment, all the three components achieving new dimensions, nevertheless influencing one another as ever.It can be said, thus, the human past is a fascinating, interactive journey of body and brain (the determiner of behavior), where environment all along served the input for the development of both. In the maze of body-brain communication, any of them can rule over the other, depending on the situation, i. e. , the state of environment, who works on as a stimuli, be in on the mental or on the physical plane. Ends BIBLIOGRAPHY Adaptation by Natural Selection. http://www2. wwnorton. com/college/anthro/bioanth/ch1/welcome. htm. Retrieved on march 28, 2007 Bipedalism http://www. stanford. edu/~harryg/protected/chp15.htm Retrieved on march 28, 2007 â€Å"Creationists Arguments: Brain Sizes† http://www. talkorigins. org/faqs/homs/a_brains. html â€Å"Evolution of Man†, BBC http://www. bbc. co. uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/index. shtml : Retrieved on march 29, 2007 â€Å"Human evolution†, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_evolution , Retrieved on march 29, 2007 Press release. â€Å"Scientists discover hominid cranium in Ethiopia†.. Indiana University (March 27, 2006). Retrieved on march 30, 2007 â€Å"The Descent of Man† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man%2C_and_Selection_in_Relati on_to_Sex Retrieved on march 27, 2007