Essay --

Electrical stimulation (ES) therapy involves the transfer of electrical current across injury tissue through the two electrodes and uses lead types of currents AC, DC and Pulse DC. According to various studies, electrical stimulation therapy has shown to reduce inflammation, edema, improve wound appearance, cause a faster reduction in wound size by helping to kick start the wound healing process and is cost utile for many patients. It has generated a positive impact on patients comfort and convenience. Electrical stimulation therapy has provided numerous beneficial effects in wound healing demonstrated by various studies, besides further research trials are indispensable in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing (Cutting, 2006). Background The clinical application of ES can be dated as far back as 1812 when Hartshorne used electricity to promote bone healing in a patient suffering a tibial nonunion, later de scribed in an 1841 publication (Wienke & Dayton, 2011). Research stayed in focus with bone stimulation via ES therapy for many years leading to the US Food and Drug Administration approved labeling electromagnetic devices for treatment of nonunion and delayed union fractures. ES therapy in chronic wound healing became a major research trend in the mid 1960s with a multitude of successful clinical trials to come through (Isseroff & Dahle, 2012). Eventually ES use in treating chronic soft tissue wounds became widely accepted and in 2002 the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services approved ES treatment in a clinical setting for certain types of chronic wounds and pressure ulcers. Until 2003, research focus stayed with ES therapy on pressure ulcers but later ... ...rocess and is cost effective for many patients. It has also generated a positive impact on patients comfort and convenience. Yet still, the selection of an optimal modality remains amongst the scientific and medical commu nities. Further research and clinical trials to support these positive effects on wound healing may help generate that consensus and help ES therapy gain full support in the US. In reviewing the above studies the evidence of the numerous beneficial effects ES therapy has are clear, however, the evidence that the lack of consensus on standardization of parameters to devise systematic protocols for its use and the lack of uniformity in reports on ES dosages, application modes and waveforms is also clear. Further research trials are needed in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing

Wars are Not Good for the Economy Essay -- Economics War

One of the more enduring myths in Western society is that wars are somehow good for the economy. many people see a great deal of evidence to support this myth, after all World War II came directly after the enormous Depression. This faulty belief stems from a misunderstanding of the frugal way of thinking.The standard a war gives the economy a boost argument goes as follows Lets mean that the economy is in the low end of the business cycle, so were in a recession or just a period of low economic growth. The unemployment rate is high, people may be making less purchases than they were a year or two ago, and overall output is flat. But then the commonwealth decides to prepare for war The government needs to equip its soldiers with the extra gear and munitions needed in order to win the war.Corporations win contracts to supply boots, and bombs and vehicles to the army. Many of these companies willing establish to hire extra workers in order to meet this increased production. If th e preparations for war are large enough, large numbers of workers will be hired reducing the unemployment rate. Other workers may need to be hired to cover reservists in private sector jobs who get sent overseas. With the unemployment rate down we have more people spending again and people who had jobs before will be less worried about losing their job in the future so theyll spend more than they did. This extra spending will help the retail sector, who will need to hire extra employees causing unemployment to drop even further. A spiral of positive economic activity is created by the government preparing for war, if you believe the story. The flawed logic of the story is an example of something economists call The bemused Window Fallacy.The Broken ... ... a factor of production which will certainly help economic growth.2. Stability and Economic Growth in the Middle East If peace fuck somehow be established in the Middle East, the U.S. government might not have to spend as much money on the host as they do now. If the economies of the countries in the middle east become more stable and experience growth, this will give them more opportunities to trade with the United States, modify both the economies of those countries and the U.S.Personally I do not see those factors outweighing the short term costs of the war in Iraq, but you can make a case for them. In the short term, however, the economy will decline due to the war as shown by the Broken Window Fallacy. Next time you find someone discuss the economic benefits of the war, please tell them a little story about a window breaker and a shopkeeper.

EXTRA CREDIT HOMEWORK ON THE NATIONAL DEBT :: Essays Papers

EXTRA CREDIT HOMEWORK ON THE NATIONAL DEBT First, I would like to ferment to your attention that I did forget to copy the URL because I could non get back to where I wanted. I did use the general topic national Debt, Time Magazine and Time Daily. I did get part of the URL http//pathfinder.com that is all. I am not good with computers and trying for hours justto get the clear created much frustration. I hope youwill still consider my work. The national debt at the minute is$4,987,184,610,949.10 and increasing $616 one million million everyday. I do not think that the debt will ever decreasebut will continue to increase. I think it is in nice terms that the government is trying to do something about it.They are creating difficulties in the process. They are going to agree. As of today, November 14, 1995, the governmenthas shut down. The national parks, nonessential federal agencies are closed. Layoffs consist of 800,000 federal workers. No one wil l get paid that works for the government until they agree. These particular draw backscreate the question as to if the budget is worth it. Along with the layoffs and businesses closing, thetaxpayers paying $1.2 million dollars for every day that the goverment is closed. They should just raise the taxes if this is going to occur for awhile. The biggest problems occuring are increasing Medicarepremimums, agreeing on a budget plan, and the tax cut. Clinton says he can do it in nine years, congress wantsit done in seven. They already know, pretty confidentthat Clinton will veto the plan again. The tax cutis wanted to be at $245 million constant over a seven year period. Also, a $500 -a- child tax

World War II: Pearl Harbor & The Pacific War Essay -- history, world w

Chaos and continual disorder encompassed the people across the globe in the years prior to the declaration of war between the Axis and confederative powers in 1939. The Great Depression that had struck soon after the First land fight left much of the world unemployed and desperate for relief. nationalism swept through Germany in response to the terms of the Versailles Treaty that ended World War I. China and Japan had been at war since Japanese serviceman invaded Manchuria in 1931. Germany, Italy, and Japan began multiple invasions and occupations of nearby countries. When they received no meaningful consequences for their aggressive actions, they felt emboldened and World War II began. In the midst of war and the growing totalitarian aggression, the United States passed several Neutrality Acts in an attempt to avoid involvement in another global war. Efforts to stay uninvolved from global conflict would lead to growing tensions between the main powers resulting in a rather in clusive war. After a vicious attack on their own home front staged by the Japanese, the United States catapulted into World War II. Over the course of the next six years the United States carry in continuous battles with Germany, Japan, and Italy on various fronts in Europe and the Pacific which necessitated a larger fighting force. Men like Raymond Barron Chavez courageously served as a naval serviceman during the war. Through his accounts on the Pearl Harbor attack and battles in the Pacific, we learn the first hand details of World War II. World War II reveals that leaving particular issues unresolved in terms of war will most likely lead to another one. The seeds of World War II in Europe began to sprout due to the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. A... ...ieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/110309756?accountid=6579Bay, M. (Director). (2001). Pearl Harbor Motion picture. United States Touchstone Home flick .Balsam, M. (Direct or). (20061970). Tora Tora Tora Motion picture. United StatesTwentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment.Calvocoressi, P., & Wint, G. (1999). The Penguin history of the Second World War. London Penguin.Griffith, S. B. (1963). The battle for Guadalcanal (1st ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott.Leckie, R. (1995). Okinawa the last battle of World War II. late York Viking.Prange, G. W., Goldstein, D. M., & Dillon, K. V. (1988). December 7, 1941 the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. New York McGraw-Hill.Smith, R. A., & Meehl, G. A. (2002). Pacific legacy image and memory from World War II in the Pacific. New York Abbeville Press.

Has Cultural Globalization Been Good or Bad for Egypt?

Globalization is defined as making something worldwide in a certain function (dictionary. com). The dumfounding shift a country, the society, and the countrys culture inherits both positive and negative aspects. The change is not as visible in developed countries in comparison to developing countries. Egypt is a poor, developing country in which is influenced by countries across the world. Different elements such as the economy and the society must be considered to determine whether globalization has a positive or negative effect on Egypt.To begin, with the spread of the idea of globalization in Egypt and worldwide new stinting advancements have forced an alteration in how bank systems are used today. The positive outlook on this developing issue is that the new system tries to align in order to fit the global picture of how a bank should act and what exactly their roles should contain. Also, globalization has enhanced the mood of how businesses should operate and the manner of ho w larger companies take in and execute the cash flow of money (Ganguly).On the other hand, the bank system is corrupt and several citizens till this day do not understand the new system. The reason behind their confusion is because the lack of knowledge, gap of social classes, and inability to adapt to a new development. Their aspect is the manner in which the bank is perceived negatively and is why several citizens, especially the ones of a lower class, stay far away from the bank system. Next, the issue that has shake the Egyptian society as a whole is whether or not to accept the fact that their original cultural values are beginning to typeset due to the uprising and spreading of globalization.With the distribution of diverse cultures, it is difficult for the citizens of Egypt to stay intact with their own cultural principles. For instance, fashion plays a tremendous role in the altering of cultural values. This can be seen today in the male youths who walk the streets of Cai ro, Egypt wearing low-waist jeans, loose t-shirts and holding the coolest trend of all, a cigarette in their right hand(Ganguly). When being compared to the youths of the early 1900s men at this time did not have the lavish choice to wear anything but slacks and a dress shirt. Even on casual outings their dress code required nothing but chinos.

Boston Massacre Propaganda

The levelts of March 5, 1770, dubbed as The Boston Massacre, was a tragedy in which 5 Bostonian civilians lost their lives at the reach of British Redcoats. Although the Redcoats, terribly at fault, shot into the masses, the rebellious Bostonians played a role in the shooting as well. Although they were quite justified in doing so, the town of Boston severely everyplace exaggerated the events of that day in order to gain in the public eye(predicate) sympathy and pit more colonists against the British regime. Within deuce-ace weeks of the event in March 1770, an engraving by Paul Revere began circulating throughout the colony.His depiction of the shooting contained not a clash of brawlers, provided instead costless citizens, whom the British had no foreseeable reason to shoot at. Reveres intention was to convince viewers of the indisputable justice of the colonial cause. The public, enraged over the killings, began joining the Separatist cause, and revolts became very frequent . Reveres engraving, however, was mere propaganda use to oppose the British, for his depiction did not correctly display the unfolding of events.The British shot, not at innocent civilians posing no threat, but at rebellious colonists, many of whom were taunting the soldiers and throwing snowballs and rocks in their vicinity. Although the outrageous behavior of the Bostonians bore no reason for the Redcoats to open fire, it certainly changes the complexity of the situation. Both sides were in some degree to blame for the mass shooting. In an interview printed by the Nova Scotia Chronicle following the shooting, an anonymous Bostonian recounted the events of the aforesaid day.His throwaway of the situation, while correct in many senses, was aimed to gain public sympathy for the townspeople of Boston. He claims that the British soldiery aimed to draw and provoke the townsmen in order to gather in use of weapons (Nova Scotia Chronicle 1). The colonist essentially claims that the Redc oats are guilty of premeditated murder, contradicting previous reports of the event. Multiple sources, from either side of the conflict, reported that the townspeople, many of whom were drunken, wielded clubs, and some even went as far as to attack sentry towers in the area.Angered over the recent death of a ten-year-old boy, shot during a protest against a merchant who had defied the colonial boycott of British goods, colonists felt that the Redcoats were to blame and that they deserved this treatment. The soldiers, uneasy and provoked by the mob, heard someone yell fire, and accept the voice to be that of their commander, shot into the jeering crowd. The article depicts the colonists affected by this event as harmless and innocent, displaying the articles inability to print the entire story.In this regard, the colonists used The Boston Massacre to encourage the spread of outrage among the colonies against the British. The Boston Massacre still stands today as one of the most trag ic events in get together States history. However, in the subsequent weeks and months, reports and depictions of the event were, for the most part, one-sided, in favor of the colonists. The colonists used The Boston Massacre in a multitude of ways to gain public sympathy and spread anger directed toward the British all across the American colonies.

Delivering interventions Essay

Critiquing an article is fundamental to research utilization and evidence based practice. The process of research critique is an intellectual activity which pull up stakes help one decide as to what extent research maybe useful in practice to see if the findings ar trus twainrthy, and be able to comp be it with other related research. While the term research has been employ rather freely in the past, there has samewise been a end to perceive research as an end in itself rather than as a means to an end, namely improvement in the quality of care provided to patients.As LoBiondo-Wood et al. (2002) mention, the meaning of quality research should contribute to knowledge relevant to care and service. Further, research should provide a specialized scientific knowledge base that empowers a profession to anticipate and meet these challenges and maintain its societal relevance. The internet once again has proven that it is the most powerful tool to disseminate teachings worldwide.It h as been employ for health and medical informations with over millions of internet users nowadays as it has the capacity to disseminate psychoeducation especially to those who may have not seek formal manipulation for mental and health services for a minimal cost. Moreover, it has the capacity for online interventions to a large audience and over a third says that their health has improved. Further, its programs can be modified to suit the needs of its users as they can be alerted anytime to limiting and track updates or for go through of their case encompassing geological barriers.This paper testament critique the seminar on Delivering internet interventions for depression leave office ordinate users and one hit wondersby Helen Christensen, Kathy Griffiths, Chloe Groves, Ailsa Korten, based on the journal article exculpate range users and one hit wonders community users of an Internet-based cognitive bearing therapy program published in the Australian and New Zealand Journa l of Psychiatry 2006 405962. seek Purpose and AimThe research problem is a situation in need of a solution, improvement or alteration or a contrariety in the way things are or the way they ought to be (Burns & Grove, 1993). The article, Free range users and one hit wonders community users of an Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy program (2006) is a study to evaluate the predictors of symptoms change or the methods that might increase user compliance on websites patterned to improve mental health outcomes (p.59). The channelizes of the study are twofold setoff is to examine predictors of expected final depression and disturbance earns as a function of characteristics much(prenominal) as sexual activity, number of modules nabd, and sign anxiety and depression notes of users and entropy is to compare user characteristics and outcomes from the skipper MoodGYM site ( coiffe I) with those of public registrants of the new public version of the site (MoodGYM target II) .For this second aim of the paper, comparison is made for gender, initial depression and anxiety scores, and completion rates for the two site versions to examine whether structural changes to the site resulted in unalike user (p. 61). This study is important for online users as it hope to show that shorter interventions lead to similar health outcomes and that even brief burst of information lead to increase help seeking. In addition, this study is important for online healthcare providers like MoodGYM to find out if website adherence or stickiness go away be helped resolved or release to be an issue (p.62). Hypothesis and Research Questions In a research study, the researcher must formulate as many hypotheses as needed to spread over all aspects of the research problem. Research hypothesis directs the research study, unifies theory and reality and helps extend the knowledge base. It is a statement about the relationship amongst 2 or more variables it provides direction for g athering and interpreting data and identifies the population to be studied.Wood & Haber (1998) pointed out that hypotheses are never proven they are original or rejected, or supported or not supported. Christensen et al. used a directional hypothesis as they specified the expected direction of the relationship amidst the independent and dependent variables where the dependent variable was the final score and independent variables were gender, number of modules completed (treated as three dummy variables), initial depression score and a quadratic function of the initial score.Hence, the following research hypotheses were tested a) that shorter internet interventions are associated with decreased depression symptoms, b) that even brief burst of information lead to change magnitude helpseeking (one hit wonders) and c) that much better outcome is expected if users could be retained on the site for longer periods of time. (p. 60).This research is a follow-up study since the previous r esearch have shown that the interactive program called the MoodGym has delivered cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as effective as those compared to an attention placebo condition in trim back depression and anxiety symptoms ( Christensen & Jorm, 2004). The previous study have subsequently shown that outcomes for spontaneous users of the site are of the same magnitude as those of trial participants enrolled in our randomize projectled trial (Christensen, et. al. , 2004).Hence the research questions arising for this study could be 1) Can shorter internet interventions results to the same decreased depression symptoms as that of the RCT? 2) Can brief burst of informations increased help seeking and do one hit wonders? and 3) How could users be retained on the site for longer periods of time? Methods of the Study The online survey is the main design of the study as it is internet based of course. The sample population consisted of 19 607 online visitors as free range users who regist ered on the site between April 2001 and September 2003.The control group is the 182 participants in the MoodGYM condition of the BlueMood trial. To assess the symptoms of depression of the two groups, the Goldberg Depression and Anxiety Scales (Goldberg et. al. , 1988) were repeated within the website intervention to allow the examination of change in symptoms across modules. The outcome variables used were gender, initial depression severity scores, number of assessments attempted (maximum number=5) and symptom levels following intervention. To determine if the results are statistically significant, Christensen et al.(2005) used various statistical analyses for this study. The linear regression analyses were used to develop predictors of anxiety and depression final scores. Chi-squared or t-tests were used to find out the differences between the two versions of the site. For the comparison between marque I and Mark II versions of the site, the researchers compared the 19 607 visit ors to the original site, with 38 791 users who registered on the Mark II version of the site between September 2003 and October, 2004. Analysis of the ResultsAnalysis of the predictors of final anxiety and depression scores for Moodgym (Mark I) revealed that there were no differences in outcomes between the randomized clinical trial (RCT) participants and those accessing the original MoodGYM website (p. 60). The linear regression results where the dependent variable was the final score and independent variables were gender, number of modules completed (treated as three dummy variables), and initial depression score and a quadratic function of the initial score, all independent variables and the interaction between initial depression score and number of modules were significant.The results showed that men are predicted to be 0. 19 units (SE=0. 095) higher than women on depression, controlling for the initial depression level and number of modules completed. For initial depression sc ores supra 2, it is predicted that the final score will indicate improvement relative to the initial score, the magnitude of the improvement increasing as a function of the number of modules attempted. For initial anxiety scores above 2, it is predictedthat the final score will indicate improvement relative to the initial score, the magnitude of the improvement increasing as a function of the number of modules attempted. Mark II registrants were more likely than to Mark I registrants to complete onsite assessments (p. 59). Thus Christensen, et. al. (2005) has answered the objectives of the study. For the first objective, they were able to establish that the predictors of expected final depression are gender number of modules completed, and initial depression scores of users.On the other hand, the expected final anxiety predictors are the same with that of depression except gender. The second aim is to compare user characteristics and outcomes from the original MoodGYM site (Mark I) with those of public registrants of the new public version of the site (MoodGYM Mark). Researchers have concluded from the results that free range users of the online version of MoodGYM Mark I are more likely to have lower depression at the end of the intervention if they are women, have lower initial scores, and complete more module assessments.These doseresponse relationships may illustrate the importance of a users adherence to the site for positive outcomes, although they may also be due to the retention of users who make the biggest gains early. The completion data from MoodGYM indicate that adherence to the full program is poor, with less than 7% of the site users progressing beyond the first two modules in the Mark II site. The remaining proportion of users, the one hit wonders, downfall out early.The addition of compulsory components appears to increase compliance for a second assessment, but does not increase persistence, with approximately the same proportion of users fro m both sites discontinuing at the same rate at subsequent assessment occasions. The Mark II structure is also associated with a reduced proportion of female users and a (statistically significant) increase in registrants with higher levels of depression (p. 62). Limitations Christensen et al. recognized that their study has several(prenominal) limitations.First, the usefulness of making direct comparisons of the outcome level and attrition rates of Internet interventions and clinical trials is in question because of the difference in patterns of attrition and the absent data will reflect the tied sample characteristics (motivation, symptom severity and expectations of participants). In addition, the Internet sites create the opportunity to either opt in or opt out of treatment easily, making them likely to enroll diverse individualswith low levels of commitment and little expectation of being helped. Also, clinical trials provide infrastructure and positive expectations. Hence thes e differences question the usefulness of directly comparing rates of adherence or compliance across the two types of interventions. Moreover, selective attrition is tall(prenominal) to interpret in both clinical and Internet trials, because dropout or non-adherence may arise for different reasons and be associated with different outcomes for different individuals.For example, Internet users may drop out either because they are dissatisfied with the intervention (real dropouts) or because the intervention has met their needs (these individuals are labeled attainers in e-education environments (Martinez, 2003). Future Research Studies The authors recommended that future studies are needed to identify the proportions of these different classes of dropouts as it will require different analysis models to those traditionally used, including the development of new models which take into account individual trajectories of change based on sample characteristics.Hence, there should be the cr eation of new services through the development of virtual clinics with a consumer focus including the use a new class of worker to implement evidence based applications. Another future research should show that shorter interventions lead to similar health outcomes and that even brief burst of information lead to increased help seeking. Lastly, a future research is needed to end the issue on website adherence or stickiness for online sites like MoodGYM (p. 62) and to reward models of service that deliver evidence based treatments through Medicare rebates- or other funding mechanisms.Conclusion The critique of the seminar on Delivering internet interventions for depression Free range users and one hit wondersby Helen Christensen, Kathy Griffiths, Chloe Groves, Ailsa Korten, based on the journal article Free range users and one hit wonders community users of an Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (2005) have recognized that the Internet has the capacity to reach many individuals who are seeking for formal treatment for mental health services and that the Internet has a role in disease prevention even in the delivery of short positive health messages.Patient visitors to any internet-based cognitive therapy program such as the MoodGYM site are likely to have better psychological outcomes if they complete more of the site material and comply with the necessary core sections will increases assessment completion and thus treatment. References Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (1993). The practice of psychological research conduct, critique and utilization. 4th edition. Philadelphia W. B. Saunders. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF (2004).Delivering interventions for depression by using the Internet randomized controlled trial. British medical examination Journal, 328265. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Korten AE, Brittliffe K, Groves C. (2004). A comparison of changes in anxiety and depression symptoms of spontaneous users and trial participants of a cognitive behavio r therapy website. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6e46. Christensen, H. ,Griffiths K. , Groves C. & Korten, A. (2006). Free range users and one hitwonders community users of an Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy program. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 405962. Goldberg D, Bridges K, Duncan-Jones P, Grayson D. (1988). Detecting anxiety and depression in general medical settings. British Medical Journal, 297897899. Martinez M. (2003). High attrition rates in e-learning challenges, predictors, and solutions. The E- Learning Developers Journal.. Ingram, Richard (2002). An introduction to critiquing research papers, with resources for furtherstudy. unattached http//www. richard. ingram. nhspeople. net/student/critintro. htm LoBiondo-Wood, G. , & Haber, J. (1998) Research methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. (5th edition). St. Louis Mosby LoBiondo-Wood, G. , Haber, J. & Krainovich-Miller, B. (2002). Critical Reading Strategies Overview of the Rese arch Process. Chapter 2 In LoBiondo-Wood, G. & Haber, J. (editors). Research Methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. (5th Edition). St Louis Mosby.